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Melihat Diverse Asia melalui pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif

Tujuan kami adalah untuk menyelami bagaimana kesiapan pensiun di Asia secara kontekstual serta mengeksplorasinya secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. 

Sebuah era di mana Asia dapat mengatur lanskap pensiunnya sendiri

Populasi dunia yang menua (ageing population) saat ini menimbulkan kekhawatiran. Pergeseran demografis muncul akibat menurunnya angka kelahiran, rumah tangga yang makin menyusut, makin mahalnya biaya kesehatan, serta fragmentasi struktur keluarga tradisional. 

Map of Asia populations Sumber: “World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition,” Departmen Urusan Ekonomi dan Sosial Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (UN DESA), Divisi Kependudukan, 2022.
Map of Asia populations Sumber: “World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition,” Departmen Urusan Ekonomi dan Sosial Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (UN DESA), Divisi Kependudukan, 2022.
Chart showing median age in Asia
Chart showing life expectancy in Asia

Sumber: “World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition,” Departemen Urusan Ekonomi dan Sosial Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (UN DESA), Divisi Kependudukan, 2022. Data rasio harapan hidup dan ketergantungan usia tua/support ratio berasal dari “World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition,” Departemen Urusan Ekonomi dan Sosial Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (UN DESA), Divisi Kependudukan, 2022; data harapan hidup yang disesuaikan dengan kesehatan untuk wilayah selain Hong Kong dan Taiwan berasal dari “Healthy life expectancy (HALE) Data by Market,”  Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO), 2020; data harapan hidup sehat untuk Hong Kong diadaptasi dari “Are We Living Longer and Healthier?” Journal of Aging and Health, 2020; dan data untuk Taiwan diadaptasi dari “Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in Taiwan, 1990–2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017,” Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 2021.

Total populasi Asia yang berusia 65+ di 2050

Chart showing Asian population aged 65+ by 2050 Sumber: “World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition,” Department Urusan Ekonomi dan Sosial Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (UN DESA), Divisi Kependudukan, 2022.
Chart showing ageing rates in Asia Sumber: “World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition,” Departmen Urusan Ekonomi dan Sosial Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (UN DESA), Divisi Kependudukan, 2022.

Since the first outbreak recorded in December 2019, COVID-19 has caused tremendous life loss and cast major threats to the medical and healthcare systems in every affected region. While the threat of COVID-19 remains prevalent across many countries, including Asia, some clear and common demographic headwinds strengthened and, in some cases counterintuitively, amplified but not alleviated three trends—higher mortality rates among the older age cohort, fertility concerns, and decreased retirement readiness and potentially longer working years—making these existing challenges more difficult.

Higher mortality among the older age cohort

COVID-19 has increased the mortality rate, especially among older age groups that are more susceptible to severe complications resulting from COVID-19 variants. For example, in Hong Kong, more than 9,000 people died during the first five waves of the virus, the majority of these the vulnerable elderly. According to WHO estimates, by December 2021, Indonesia recorded COVID-19 related excess deaths of more than 1 million

 

COVID deaths by region among the vulnerable older age groups2

Bar Chart 1

Fertility concerns

COVID-19 has potentially had a damaging effect on fertility rates. While the longer-term trends aren’t yet clear, a more protracted decline in fertility rates would exacerbate the already imbalanced population age structures in those countries with aged or ageing societies, such as Hong Kong and Taiwan. In Indonesia, government officials have been worrying that COVID-19 would post severe limits on people’s access to contraceptives, which could lead to a surge in pregnancies and births, but the fertility rate in 2021 remained at a low level. 

Birth rates keep declining since COVID-19 broke out 

Bar Chart 1

Hong Kong: “Total fertility rate” by Census and Statistic Department, HKSAR, 2022; Taiwan: Department of Household Registration Affairs, Taiwan, 2022; Malaysia: Department of Statistics, Malaysia, 2022, data as of 2020; Indonesia: “Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Indonesia” by World Bank Open Data, data as of 2020. Data are rounded to two decimal places.

Table showing COVID deaths by region Sumber: Malaysia: Ministry of Health Malaysia; Hong Kong: Centre for Health Protection; Taiwan: National Health Command Centre; Indonesia: World Health Organization. Semua data diakses per 15 Agustus 2022.
Chart showing fertility rates in Asia Hong Kong: “Total fertility rate” oleh Census and Statistic Department, HKSAR, 2022; Taiwan: Department of Household Registration Affairs, Taiwan, 2022; Malaysia: Department of Statistics, Malaysia, 2022, data per 2020; Indonesia: “Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Indonesia” oleh World Bank Open Data, data per 2020. Data dibulatkan menjadi dua angka desimal.

Sistem tunjangan pemerintah di Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, dan Indonesia

Infographic showing government support in Hong Kong

Sumber: Legco, 2018; MPFSA, 2022. Data pensiun sosial, tunjangan anak dan keluarga dikumpulkan dari “Statistics on social protection” oleh ILOSTAT, 2022 (https://ilo/org/topics/social-protection/) ; Data pelayanan kesehatan untuk wilayah selain Taiwan disusun dari “Universal Health Care Service Coverage Index”, WHO, 2022; Data pelayanan kesehatan untuk Taiwan diadaptasi dari “Universal Health Coverage: Taiwan International Nursing Conference 2020” oleh Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2020; Data perumahan untuk Hong Kong diadaptasi dari “Population by Census 2016” oleh Census and Statistic Department, 2016; Data perumahan untuk Taiwan diadaptasi dari “Public Housing Policy in Taiwan” oleh Chang & Yuan, 2013, The Future of Public Housing: Ongoing Trends in the East and the West, p.86; Data perumahan untuk Malaysia diadaptasi dari “KPKT statistics 2020” oleh Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 2020; Data perumahan untuk Indonesia diadaptasi dari ”Indonesia-A Roadmap for Housing Policy Reform” oleh Kementerian PPN/Bappenas, 2015, hal.116.     

Chart showing proportion of labour force covered by pension schemes Sumber: data dihimpun dari ILO, World Social Protection Database (2022) berdasarkan SSI; ILOSTAT; sumber-sumber nasional. Warna hijau mewakili kawasan Asia.

Peluang yang muncul di Indonesia, Malaysia, Hong Kong, dan Taiwan

Kesimpulan: Tantangan demografis yang dihadapi pasar Asia sangatlah berat dan serius. Namun dibalik situasi suram yang diperparah pandemi COVID-19, ada perkembangan positif yang dapat kita pertimbangkan.